Testosterone

Testosterone is a steroid hormone. It belongs to the group of androgens, which are responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics, such as a deep voice, muscle mass development, and body hair.

In men, testosterone is produced by Leydig cells, which are dispersed throughout the testes, while in women it is produced by the ovaries and adrenal cortex, and during pregnancy by the placenta.

The synthesis of testosterone begins around the 8th week of fetal life and is responsible for the development of sexual characteristics.

Testosterone is responsible for:

• the development of male sexual characteristics;
• the formation and maturation of sperm (the process known as spermatogenesis);
• the development of secondary sexual characteristics (e.g., facial hair);
• the synthesis of proteins and the inhibition of their breakdown;
• retaining sodium, potassium, and phosphorus in the body;
• increasing skeletal muscle mass;
• increasing bone mineral density;
• the breakdown of fat tissue;
• sexual drive.

What Does a Testosterone Level Test Diagnose?

• fertility disorders,
• testicular tumors,
• polycystic ovary syndrome,
• hirsutism.

When Is It Worth Performing a Testosterone Level Test?

It is recommended to perform a laboratory testosterone test in situations that may indicate hormonal imbalances, such as fertility problems in women and men, reduced libido, testicular failure, or testicular tumors. Additionally, if boys show signs of delayed or premature puberty, testing should also be considered.

Women who experience excessive hair growth or menstrual irregularities should also undergo a testosterone test.

Low Testosterone Levels

Too low testosterone levels can affect both physical and psychological well-being. Symptoms of low testosterone in men include:

• reduced libido;
• erectile dysfunction;
• reduced morning and nighttime erections;
• gynecomastia (enlargement and tenderness of breast glands);
• thinning body hair;
• loss of muscle mass and increased fat tissue, especially around the abdomen;
• reduced energy, fatigue, sleepiness;
• lowered self-confidence;
• irritability and low mood;
• impaired memory and concentration;
• sleep disturbances;
• long-term deficiency may lead to osteoporosis and increased risk of bone fractures.

High Testosterone Levels

Excessively high testosterone levels in women lead to virilization, manifested by the appearance of male traits such as excessive body hair (hirsutism), changes in body shape, and a deepening of the voice. Women may also experience menstrual irregularities, acne, weight gain, and in severe cases, infertility.

In men, excess testosterone may lead to aggressive behavior, increased libido, and eleva